Tuesday, January 21, 2020
The Oppression of Miranda in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays
The Oppression of Miranda  in The Tempest                 Miranda's schooling in The Tempest shows the audience the conflicting arrangement white women in the Shakespearean drama as well as Shakespearean times are forced to act within. Paul Brown points out that "the discourse of sexuality†¦offers the crucial nexus for the various domains of colonialist discourse" (208) and the conduct in Prospero manipulates his followers' sexuality is the mainstay of his power. The Miranda-Prospero relationship servers to represent a sort of patriarchy, which is unarguably the system many Renaissance women and women of Shakespeare's time found themselves in. It is thus unsurprising that Prospero controls Miranda and her sexuality as well. The system of patriarchy is demonstratd again and again throughout the play. For example, we see that Prospero's wisdom, magic, and education of Miranda, as well as his civilizing of Caliban demonstrates a system of authoritative love. There is no question that Prospero loves and wishes to protect his daughter; for example, Prospero continuously reiterates how much he cares for Miranda. However, at the same time, he exhibits enough power over her to be considered a patriarch. Prospero's authority over Miranda is so great that she cannot do anything but follow her father's wishes; it almost appears as if she has no choice in the matter for she, like Ariel and Caliban, can also be subject to Prospero's magical control. However, it appears that upon a closer study of this, we see that, patriarchalism makes specific, and often apparently contradictory demands of its "own" women, which can often cause confusion and problems for the woman involved.            Miranda, as a character in Renaissanc... ...           Prospero: Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since,            Thy father was Duke of Milan and            A prince of power.            Miranda: Sir, are not you my father?            Prospero: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and            She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father            Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir            And princess no worse issued. Works Cited Brown, Paul. This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine: The Tempest and the discourse of colonialism." New York: Dollimore and Sinfield, 1985. Kermode, Jack. Political Shakespeaere: New Essays in Cultural Materialism. Boston: Manchester University Press, 1985. Lamming, George. The Pleasures of Exile. London: Allison and Busby, 1984. Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale. London: Zed Books, 1986. The Oppression of Miranda in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays The Oppression of Miranda  in The Tempest                 Miranda's schooling in The Tempest shows the audience the conflicting arrangement white women in the Shakespearean drama as well as Shakespearean times are forced to act within. Paul Brown points out that "the discourse of sexuality†¦offers the crucial nexus for the various domains of colonialist discourse" (208) and the conduct in Prospero manipulates his followers' sexuality is the mainstay of his power. The Miranda-Prospero relationship servers to represent a sort of patriarchy, which is unarguably the system many Renaissance women and women of Shakespeare's time found themselves in. It is thus unsurprising that Prospero controls Miranda and her sexuality as well. The system of patriarchy is demonstratd again and again throughout the play. For example, we see that Prospero's wisdom, magic, and education of Miranda, as well as his civilizing of Caliban demonstrates a system of authoritative love. There is no question that Prospero loves and wishes to protect his daughter; for example, Prospero continuously reiterates how much he cares for Miranda. However, at the same time, he exhibits enough power over her to be considered a patriarch. Prospero's authority over Miranda is so great that she cannot do anything but follow her father's wishes; it almost appears as if she has no choice in the matter for she, like Ariel and Caliban, can also be subject to Prospero's magical control. However, it appears that upon a closer study of this, we see that, patriarchalism makes specific, and often apparently contradictory demands of its "own" women, which can often cause confusion and problems for the woman involved.            Miranda, as a character in Renaissanc... ...           Prospero: Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since,            Thy father was Duke of Milan and            A prince of power.            Miranda: Sir, are not you my father?            Prospero: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and            She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father            Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir            And princess no worse issued. Works Cited Brown, Paul. This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine: The Tempest and the discourse of colonialism." New York: Dollimore and Sinfield, 1985. Kermode, Jack. Political Shakespeaere: New Essays in Cultural Materialism. Boston: Manchester University Press, 1985. Lamming, George. The Pleasures of Exile. London: Allison and Busby, 1984. Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale. London: Zed Books, 1986.
Monday, January 13, 2020
International Marketing Vifon to Japan
Japan is still the 2nd biggest retail market in the world with 127 million consumers that appreciate high quality and excellent service. China may have more factories these days, but how many people there can really afford western goods? When it comes to measure market size, Japan still accounts for more than 55% of the whole Asian retail market. Japan is also the nation with the highest demand for foods imports as it has the lowest self-sufficiency rate (39% only), 61% of all foods consumed in Japan is imported (United Nations, 2008).In 2011 the Japanese retail market had to cope with the March 11, 2011 shock and then compensate for the various after effects. Initially consumption spiked with the mass purchases of emergency items such as bottled water and batteries, followed by corresponding declines in purchases like party items and non-essential goods. The economy shifted from a rocky footing onto a more stable pathway by summer and consumer behaviour normalized.Japanese consumer adapted to new preferences in reaction to the events, changing retail market demands significantly. First, Japanese consumers began eating out less, while having meals at home more. This has led to an increase in the Home Meal Replacement (HMR) sector, as well as the frozen food sector. Second, Japanese consumers are more attentive to products with longer shelf life, in case of future emergency situations. The Japanese retail market is dominated by two demographics: Young career seeking individuals in single person households B.Market breakdown Total retail sales including food, beverages, general merchandise, fabrics, apparel, and accessories in Japan amounted to $832. 6 billion in 2011. Of this fgure the total food and beverage retail sales amount was $527. billion. Total retail sales have increased each year since 2008. In 2007, there were total retail sales of $614. 6 billion and food & beverages sales of $370. 6 billion. Below are the total sales fgures: C. Food sales 2011 The Japanese retail food industry in 2011 experienced growth across all three categories of large and conventional supermarkets, department stores, and convenience stores.As stated previously the resilience of the industry and its ability to quickly adapt to the market changes along with economic growth in the latter half 2009 to 2011 for the three retail categories D. Food and Beverage Sales Japan While food sales grew across all segments, overall sales growth was observed in most regions of Japan as many households spent more time and money purchasing food items to consume at home rather than spending money at restaurants in 2011. Restaurant spending did increase in 2011, but food purchases for home consumption were the larger portion of spending.Japanese real economic growth rate for 2011 was estimated at minus 0. 4% by the Bank of Japan. The negative growth rate was expected due to the hardships that had to be overcome, but it is important to keep in ind that even in an environment of stagnant sales; geographic markets in Japan are quite sizable – often exceeding that of entire countries. E. Establishment Trends In 2011, supermarkets and convenience stores continued to be the primary distribution channel for food in Japan.The market has been relatively stable over the last 3 years with the only notable trend that department stores are losing ground slightly, but this corresponds with the decline of department store sales in general. F. Large Scale and Conventional Supermarkets Japan Supermarkets in Japan represent the largest provider of food and within the upermarket sector the top 5 companies (AEON, Ito Yokado, Uny, Daiei, and Life Corp. ) represent 65% of all sales. 1. Target Market As the Japanese market continues to mature, supermarket giants have strengthened their networks to reach single adults and Generation M.The older generation especially has wealth to spend they are targeting this group by changing store hours. In addition to opening early, supermarkets have special promotions related to these early bird specials – resulting in more foot traffic especially among the elderly population. 2. Price Competition Price competition has become more intense and is a major feature of the upermarket business in Japan. Supermarkets are reducing costs and improving their infrastructures through restructuring and closing unprofitable stores in an effort to improve efficiency.The companies which have succeeded to reduce management cost and to prevent losses have regained their profit. Speciality supermarkets are important for export products because these stores carry products with higher prices. Their focus is own branded import foods and beverages, there is about 900 speciality supermarkets within the top 10 chains, plus about 200 POS as 3. Company Highlights The following table highlights the Japanese supermarket industry food sales, and the percentage component those sales represent.The general trend has been greater food sales in 2011. G. Convenience Stores (CVS) Japan There is a total number of about 48,000 convenience stores in Japan. In 2011 convenience stores were proactive and were one of the first retailers to move into the Northeast Japan area. The mobility of convenience store operations, smaller size, and less SKUs allowed convenience stores to play a vital role in supplying the region. One way convenience stores helped after the disaster was by releasing â€Å"Mobile Convenience Stores†.These are small 3 ton trucks which can hold up to 300 items of â€Å"bento boxes†, rice balls, drinks, and snacks. These trucks were used in areas where stores were destroyed or where evacuees had trouble accessing food. Convenience stores in 2011 continued strategies to develop and maintain efficient networks. Convenience stores for the top 7 operators in 2010 numbered 41,663 and in 2011 the total number of convenience stores in Japan increased by 13. 4% to 48,139 according to the Nikkei fisc al 2011 convenience store survey.This expansion and competitive trend will continue in 2012 as the top 5 convenience stores plan on opening over ,700 new stores. Food sales grew again in 2011 by an additional $8 billion and three of the top 4 convenience store chains broke their records for operating profit. Profits were boosted by female and elderly customers buying fresh food, desserts, and ready to eat meals in the aftermath of the quake. Seven & Eleven became the first Japanese retailer to achieve more than trillion ($37. 1 billion) in annual sales.With the earnings in 2011, convenience stores are set to once again expand outlets and network capabilities in 2012. H. Department Stores Japan Since the 1980s Japanese department stores have faced steeper competition from he growth of supermarkets, malls, and convenience stores. Department stores generally have a variety of shops and services, with the basement level having a grocery or eatery shops. ln 2011 department store food sal es amounted to $23. 9 billion, representing 12. 3% of the Retail Food market in Japan.Over the last decade total department store sales of non-food products have declined. However, food sales at department stores have grown because of premium products, location, and the use of the depachika. Depachika means the basement floor of the department store where fresh food halls are traditionally located. Traditionally, depachika was a quiet retail food location. This changed when shops introduced high-quality HMR, creating a new niche food market in Japan. In addition, famous restaurants became tenants and lent their brand names to popularize depachika.The depachika phenomenon customers to department stores. Department stores are often attached to large train stations (such as the newly opened Shibuya Hikarie owned and operated by Tokyu Corp). Because of the proximity to the stations, pedestrians can easily access depachika eateries; Tokyu Corp's Hikarie location is estimated to attract 1 4 million isitors a year, with 200 shops, and many of the eateries staying open until 4am on weekends. Pricing, Quality and Premium Department stores usually carry imported branded products, but they are typically in low quantities.Many of the items are packaged as take-and-go products due to the proximity to stations and the premium nature of the products for use as gifts. l. Consumer Preferences Japan Japanese consumers have some general historic preferences that one should consider. Japan is a nation that prefers convenience, quality, and single-serving sizes. Returning to the latter item, an estimated 3. 3 million people commute into Tokyo every day according to Tokyo Metropolitan government. The commute is mostly done via train and then on foot. Therefore convenience and accessibility are highly valued by Japanese consumers. J.Recent Retail Trends in Japan There are recent trends of burgeoning growth for Private Brands, Healthy Foods, Eco- friendly or Energy saving foods (typic ally as frozen foods), market consolidation for greater efficiency, and new retail ideas to meet new demands. Energy efficient foods (frozen foods – bento dashi), prepared foods (Home Meal Replacements – HMR), and esserts have all seen a strong market growth. Healthy or Functional foods continue to be important. WHOLESALE MIDDLEMEN IN JAPAN Wholesalers are middlemen who purchase only to resell, and whose customers are often not final demanders but instead retailers or other wholesalers.Any sensible analysis of wholesaling needs to begin by recognizing that middlemen of all sorts lower the costs of trading rather than adding to them; otherwise they could not charge prices that their customers willingly pay and that cover their own costs. The costs of middlemen are transactions costs by definition; they are costs of activities hat are either essential to trade or that facilitate trade. These include the costs of assuring ownership rights, detecting the quality of traded goods, discovering valuable trading opportunities, negotiating mutually agreeable terms, and so on.Those who can perform these services at costs that are lower than the middleman;s spread (difference between bid price and asking price) to the lowest level that Just covers their own costs. In all these respects, wholesaling in Japan surely resembles wholesaling in other nations; but there is one thing about wholesaling in Japan that stands out. The peculiar thing about wholesaling in Japan is the often large number of separate wholesalers through whose hands goods pass before reaching their ultimate destinations on the shelves of retail stores.One indication of this fact is the large percentage of merchant wholesalers' sales that are to other wholesalers: 41. 9% for Japan versus 24. 8% for the US and 16. 2% for West Germany. A more precise indication of the numbers of wholesale steps in Japan can be constructed from data on the gross markup of retailers' prices over manufacturers' pr ices and from the average price spreads of all wholesalers. Dividing the total price markup in a wholesale chain by the average price spread of all wholesalers gives an estimate of the number of wholesalers in the chain.The average total price markup in wholesale chains is in fact less in Japan than in the US, but the average price markup of each wholesaler is also less in Japan than in the US, so we infer that on the average Japanese marketing channels have a greater number of wholesale steps. The typical or average marketing channels in Japan includes two wholesalers in sequence while that in the US includes only one. The common held view that wholesale marketing hannels are longer or have more steps in Japan than in the US is thus supported.Japan's multiplicity of wholesale steps reflects its proliferation of retail outlets. Retail business like food, liquor, and toiletries that have vastly more outlets person in Japan than in the US also tend to have more wholesale steps in Japa n. One further fact about wholesale marketing channels in Japan is worth iterating. Marketing channels that have particularly many wholesale steps in the US. For instance, fresh fish, meat, and vegetables all have more wholesale steps than most other kinds of business in both nations. Shoes and apparel have relatively few wholesale steps in both countries.Common forces appear to be operative in the economies of both Japan and America. Marketing channels in Japan and elsewhere reflect the calculated attempts of profit-seeking entrepreneurs to economize on transport costs, to avert spoilage, and to collect and act on information about the local demands for goods. The same is true of other aspects of Japanese marketing channels, including that which we next address, the contractual arragements among channel members. MEDIA According to the latest survey on the time-usage of the Japanese (Kokumin Seikatsu-Jikan Chosa) done in October 1995 by NHK Oapan Governmental Broadcasting Corporatio n), the average Japanese watches television for three hours and twenty- eight minutes a day. This nation-wide survey has been conducted every five years, and the time spent watching TV in 1995 was longer than that of 1990 by more than TV broadcasting began in Japan in 1953. The same survey reports that the average Japanese reads a newspaper for twenty one minutes a day, which is so short compared to the time spent watching TV. In addition the time spent reading newspapers has not changed so much for the past twenty five years (19 min. 1970, 20 in. 975, 21 min. 1980, 20 min. 1985, 20 min. 1990). Another survey reports that already in 1962 more than a half of the Japanese got news information mainly not from newspaper but from television, and this trend is by far more evident than ever at present. Thus the role of the TV in the Japanese everyday life is so big, but as we will see later we cannot always say that the social position of it is high in the social information environment of Japan. And this is also the case of other developed countries like the I-JK, about seventy percent of whose people got news information not from newspapers but from television in 1993.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
School Law - 2338 Words
| Zero Tolerance for Ineffective Zero Tolerance Policies | Can Zero Tolerance be Tolerated? | | Terrance Baker | LAWS310 | 12/14/2009 | Students are being handcuffed, arrested and expelled for possession of a butter knife or water gun, punishment that disproportionately targets African-American students, students being alienated and never returning to school after being suspended or expelled are all byproducts of the zero tolerance policies adopted by their school district. School administrators have abandoned common sense due to their adherence to zero tolerance policies by applying the same discipline to students that are guilty of minor offenses and non-violent rules violations, or just poor judgment as they due to†¦show more content†¦From the beginning, the zero tolerance policies have been reactionary policies to problems that have other root causes that cannot be solved by criminalizing every action that falls outside of the law, and by mandating punishment for all school violations regardless of the situation or circumstance, schools systems have created larger educational problems than they have s olved in their reaction to some very unfortunate school shootings. One of the problems that have been created by the implementation of the zero tolerance policies is the elimination of common sense when determining punishment for non-threatening and non-violent offenses. Administrators have stopped considering the intent of an action or the circumstances of the event. The Lindsay Brown case is a good example of how school administrators have stopped utilizing common sense when a violation has occurred. Lindsey Brown was a high school student that was in the process of moving and had several boxes in her car from the move when she went to school the next day. One of the boxes containing some kitchen items fell over in her car while she was driving; Lindsey parked her car and went to class. The school security officer noticed a knife on the floor of Lindsey’s car while she was in class.Show MoreRelatedLaw School Essay1205 Words  | 5 PagesLaw School Perhaps one of the most difficult aspects of the practice of law is learning to be a lawyer. Virtually every new lawyer today is a graduate of law school, a much dreaded, but fulfilling journey to practicing law. 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And now that I’m in my senior year of Law school at the China University of Political Science and Law, I gradually become aware that in our lives, there are always aspirations we cannot realize in the end, and what I could do is to try my best in everything and leave no regret for future. Besides, as I studied further into law--such an exquisite and delicate science, I also realized that achievingRead MoreFinding The Relationship Between The Law And Your School919 Words  | 4 Pagesbetween the Law and Your School Ericka Calderon Grand Canyon University: EAD-505 5/1/17 Discovering the relationship between the law and your school It is essential that educational administrators are knowledgeable of the legal structure challenging the issues in schools. In the United States of America, all school communities are governed by state and federal law. 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Friday, December 27, 2019
Heroes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Joseph...
Heroes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Joseph Campbell Many would agree that although there are many stories about heroes, they all seem similar in some way. Joseph Campbell wrote many books about this theory of a hero cycle that every hero story follows. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, this pattern is clearly exemplified and it shows the numerous steps in Joseph Campbells idea of the hero cycle. The first step in Campbells hero cycle is the call. This is when the hero of the story is drawn into some type of journey, challenge, or adventure. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, this step occurs after the Green Knight enters the castle and requests a challenge, and no one but King Arthur will accept it. Then, Sir†¦show more content†¦The Green Knight agrees if Gawain will come to wherever he thinks the Green Knight will be. Of course, Gawain has no clue where he would find him, so the Green Knight says that he will tell him if Gawain can hit him square on the neck. Then Sir Gawain strikes him directly on his neck, and the Green Knights head rolls off. The Green Knight proceeds to pick up his head and leave, while bleeding terribly from the neck as if he were unharmed. Before he leaves, he tells Sir Gawain to come to the Green Chapel when they agreed. So then a year passes before Gawain comes across his second trial. It occurs while Gawain stays in the castle of a hospitable lord before he is to meet again with the Green Knight. During his stay, the lord and Sir Gawain agree to exchange what each has won during the day (Ponsor 128). For three days the lord brings back what he has hunted, and Gawain gives him the kisses he has received from the lady of the castle. However, he also received a magical green scarf from the lady on the third day, but fails to exchange it for it is a token of good luck. 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Nevertheless, they were shaped in accordance with the archetypal structure tha t permeates all literary works--that of the Monomyth, a concept first developed by Joseph Campbell in his monumental work TheRead MoreThe Heroes Of Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2116 Words  | 9 Pagespossess, as suggested by Joseph Campbell in his monumental work The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Such narrative poems as Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight represent what the Anglo-Saxons and the Middle English saw as both acceptable and non-acceptable demeanor. Both works possess the same values and beliefs while others, distinctly oppose, something that can be clearly observed through the careful archetypal study of the heroes of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Beowulf, the
Thursday, December 19, 2019
A Kingdom Strange By John Horn - 1271 Words
A Kingdom Strange by John Horn is a history book about settlers trying to establish the first English colony in America. They faced many obstacles and challenges trying to establish the colony of Roanoke. Before the English ventured to Roanoke Europeans explored and settled the New World. The Spanish were the most successful in settling the New World. They conquered most of Central and South America. Their main objective was to convert all of the Indians to Christianity. â€Å"Spain’s claim to posses the Americas was based on discovery, conquest, and settlement, but even more important, it was founded on the sacred enterprise of extending the Catholic faith to (in Spanish eyes) â€Å"barbarous†native peoples†(Horn 12). The English investors,†¦show more content†¦Queen Elizabeth’s goal for New World exploration and settlement was to better her country and its people. â€Å"And the bill had been something of promotional coup in emphasizing Eliza beth’s explicit wish that her people benefit from the establishment of colonies and her hope that rich unknown land would be discovered†(Horn 64). The English men and women joined the ventures in hopes to better their own life or that of their families. Another reason some joined the venture was that they hoped to be able to freely practice their own religion in the Americas. â€Å"The opportunity to worship according to their own beliefs in America may have been a major incentive for some settlers to join White’s venture†(Horn 133). Most of the settlers that White was recruiting were people that he knew or people that he was recruiting knew. â€Å"At least a third of the settlers were related to other members of the group†(Horn 130). The settlers represented many different kinds of groups. A group that they represented was the Puritans. â€Å"There is a strong possibility that some of the London colonists were Puritans. London was at the heart of the English Puritan movement after the restoration of the Protestant church in 1558†(Horn 131). They also had a middle class background. â€Å"Most of the colony’s ruling group came from respectable middle-class backgrounds†(Horn 126). By settling in the Roanoke Colony they hoped to achieve a better life for themselves or their families back home. Life in
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
The New Internet NGI Essay Example For Students
The New Internet NGI Essay As the internet continues to integrate itself into the daily routine of millions of people worldwide, the narrow possibilities of current download and viewing speed continue to constrain the amount of information that is accessible and how fast it can be retrieved. The government, in conjunction with numerous computer and telecommunications companies, has set forth the Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative. Experts predict that in the next few years, internet users will have more bandwidth than they could ever use.While most NGI connections are currently concentrated on educational institutions and government use, more widespread use is just over the millennial horizon. Once upon a time, the world revolved around the 14.4 Kbps modem. It was the fastest thing on the market, and nothing could touch it. This lasted about as long as the 586 chip, for it was not long until the 28.8 Kbps modem revolutionized the industry with its â€Å"lightening quick†downloads and amazing bandwidth possibilities. Other speeds were pushed by smaller competitors on the modem market, but the next big jump was to 56 Kbps modems. Federal regulations held download speeds to 54 K, but that didn’t matter because finally the technology was starting to emerge that would allow live audio and video streams to make TV obsolete – almost. 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps networks were the standard for businesses and educational institutions, and for the most part they still are. From personal experience, 10 Mbps connections are amazing, as 8 MB files zip across the network at speeds blasting past 200 Kbps and still climbing as the file transfer is completed. Home users and o ther smaller businesses now enjoy the speed of cable and ISDN modem connections that rival most networks, and for those with money to burn, satellite connections are the end all for home users. While this is nice, content on the internet is still limited by what low-end users will tolerate waiting for, which can be rather frustrating to those looking for true real time video and other bandwidth-greedy applications. Here is where NGI comes into the equation. http://www.zdnet.com/pcmag/features/2001/313369b.htmlNGI provides the opportunity for bandwidth able to handle applications that require at least 600 Mbps of bandwidth.Such applications include things like DVD-quality video transmission, real-time VRML (virtual-reality markup language), and language tutors that speak the language to you in a real time conversation better than the natives do. Don’t rush to the store asking where you can get NGI just yet. Currently, the company with the hold on the market is an MCI conglomeration called vBNS+ (very high performance backbone network service). Most of the computers taking advantage of mutli-gigabyte per second transfer rates have web addresses that end in .edu, and also big research facilities like the National Center for Atmospheric Research.The biggest and best connection by far is MCI’s pipeline connecting Los Angeles and San Fransisco, currently running at speeds at or exceeding 2.5 Gbps. One example of high speed conne ctions meeting the ordinary human with less than a doctorate degree is illustrated in PCComputing’s article on NGI: â€Å"†¦consider peaceful Ashton, Oregon. Ashland, population 19,000, boasts Shakespeare in the summer, picket fences, and a fiber-optic network connecting everyone in town. On its citywide gigabit network, residents get 3 Mbps to 5 Mbps transfer rates around the clock, giving them some of the highest personal bandwidth rates in the country.†Does this mean that we will all soon laugh about the good old days when we spent two hours downloading a game demo? Don’t hold your breath yet. Is the future of the internet moving backs to its roots as an educational and business application, only now with full-screen video conferencing and true speed of light downloads? Quite possibly. .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .postImageUrl , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:hover , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:visited , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:active { border:0!important; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:active , .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b577ad8024182bf697612e9185190ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Color Bearer Tradition The War Between the Sta EssayThe initiative currently is underwritten by a few notable participating agencies with deep pockets. DARPADefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDoE Department of EnergyNASANational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNISTNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyAgencyPresident’s FY 1998 BudgetPresident’s Proposed FY 1999 BudgetTruly we live in a time when the internet is in every part of many lives. It is a source of news, a way to research quickly, to be entertained, to find a date for Friday night. The day is coming, and in fact very visible, when the internet will jump to the next generation and be able to handle things we can only see in movies and in science fiction novels. NGI is the current plan, and many agencies have committed the money to see that it finds widespread acceptance as the new way to transfer almost everything under the sun. The future may be now, and the internet may be the way to communicate, but many people are aiming to keep communication as true to life as possible for the internet of tomorrow. â€Å"About the Next Generation Internet (NGI) Initiative.†http://www.ngi.gov/sc98/about.pdf November 21, 1999. Conley, Jim. â€Å"Business at Warp Speed.†http://www.zdnet.com/pccomp/stories/all/0,6605,2386414,00.html November 21, 1999. *actual magazine page used for footnote citations, article accessed from online version. â€Å"How You Can Participate in the Next Generation Internet (NGI) Initiative.†http://www.ngi.gov/sc98/how.pdf November 21, 1999. Bibliography:
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Solving ethical dilemma free essay sample
Alice, a manager at Shore Manufacturing’s plants, faces a dilemma. Her boss told her in the strictest confidence that the company will have to make workers redundant and the rumour is circulating round the plant. Her old school friend, who now works for her, asks her â€Å"Am I going to lose my job? †This essay will examine this ethical dilemma, evaluating and highlighting the process for moral decision making with the significant ethical theories. Through the process for solving the ethical problem, she may ensure that her decision is ethical and fair. An ethical dilemma may be defined as a problem situation in which there can be less immoral choices, but â€Å"there is no obvious right or wrong†(Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2011, p. 64). Alice is in an ethical dilemma because her decision may conflict with her moral values whether or not she tells her friend about the redundancies. Then how could she morally choose the right decision in her way? To solve the ethical dilemma faced her, she could utilise the six step process, which is called an ethical decision making progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Solving ethical dilemma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She firstly identifies the ethical issues involved, defines the problem she has. Secondly she identifies alternatives from a variety point of view, listing the options she could choose. For the next step, she considers the available moral imagination-Alice should perceive her moral issues of both company and her friend, through using the ethical theories. Next, she should consider how a decision affects stakeholders about the effects from her decision making. Now, make a decision. For the last step, she monitors, learns and reflects on the decision making (Weiss, 2003). Ethical theories and principles bring significant help to the decision making, so Alice needs to consider several ethical theories to make a decision. The first ethical theory that she could consider, is known as egoism. It can be explained that the results, consequences determined the rightness of an action (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009). The term ‘ego’ means the unique identity of the individual human self. This theory pursues the better consequences as a person enhances one’s welfare and benefits, not for their society or others (Hartman Desjardins, 2008). It means egoism concerns with one’s desires and getting what one want. â€Å"What is right for you may be wrong for me? †(Weiss, 2003, p. 78) Only individual’s values suggest directions for his or her actions on the theory. If Alice tells her friend about the redundancies, she may face being fired from the company or she may have disadvantages in a way. This gives her the bad consequences. Nevertheless, if she does not tell her friend, and the relationship between Alice and her friend breaks, then that situation also can be a bad result for her. The decision on the theory may not be accurate, or not be defined as right or wrong, because a person may decide things by what I perceive as ‘fact’ (Weiss, 2003). Alice may conflicts with herself and others’ beliefs. Like egoism, utilitarianism is based on consequences, but concerned with the greatest total amount of everyone’s happiness (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009). The right or wrong actions themselves are not really significant, but their consequences for everyone are important rather than my good and benefits. This word, utilitarianism, was invented by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and the theory was refined by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). According to the theory, an action is morally right, if it produces the good results in the greatest good, for the greatest number of people affected by it (Ghillyer, 2010). In the situation seen in the case study, Alice would ‘follow’ the company’s policy or plan, as not telling the truth over her friend’s happiness, if the assumption is made that she chooses to base on the utilitarianism, for the greater good of the company and its people. The decision would give advantages to the remaining people at Shore Manufacturing’s plants, but the 200 workers who have faced the redundancy. In this case, she could secure her job as well. This concept, utilitarianism is often used by organisations or business professionals, even government policy makers on the greatest good in the real world (Weiss, 2003). Unlike utilitarianism, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) argued â€Å"universalism that holds that the means justify the ends of an action, not the consequences†. It is called as Kant’s theory or deontology. The theory focuses on the right actions with a particular behaviour rather than on its consequences (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009). By this theory, there are some things that we should not do because the actions may be defined as ‘bad’ (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2011). This theory is based on universal principles; justice, rights, fairness and so on (Weiss, 2003). It tells that our actions are from duty and obligation with moral worth. So whether she does tell her friend or not tell, her action can be judged as the ‘right’ or ‘bad’ action as the action itself, not by the results. At this point of view, she is may forced not telling about redundancies because she may think that is company’s policy and her duty. The decision would be based on justice and fairness. Another theory, virtue ethics treats people’s action and choices through their virtue. As Plato and Aristotle believe that â€Å"all human beings aim at being happiness†(Werhane Freeman, 1997, p. 647), happiness is the ‘end’ of human action in virtue ethics. A person’s performing the act which is connected with virtue determines that the action is ethically good or bad (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009). Alice could make a decision upon her own values and so she would have the moral responsibility. The development of process gives people the moral responsibility of individuals. The theory is on the basis of the quality of the person. The most important thing in ethics and social relationships are not in the actions on the theory. An action is judged by the virtuousness of a person rather than the results or justice (Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009). The virtue ethics gives us a question, â€Å"what sort of person do I want to become and how do I go about becoming that person? The last theory is an ethic of care. This theory emphasizes the significance of the relationships. It approaches â€Å"argues that since we are interdependent upon others for our individual identity and well-being we have a moral obligation to consider the needs, desires, values and well-being of those with whom we have special, close or concrete relationships†(Shaw, Barry Sansbury, 2009, p. 93). At this point of view, Alice may care her friend, as she may be close to her friend, having a moral duty as a friend. Those theories may help to build Alice’s morality which is her moral judgement. The concept of the term moral judgement which is an ethical judgement of values that may be cognition decided good or bad and right or wrong. Actually, in human society, there is a socially accepted idea that ethics is equal to rationality, so that moral judgement should be logical, should be based on facts. Alice could prioritize what she really cares about in this case by her logical value. However, there is also another idea. As Joshua Greene published in 2001, the results of his study, that the intuitive emotion is more affected than rationality to make ethical actions, in an ethical dilemma situation (Jo, 2011). This could make Alice’s decision totally different. The different way to judge moral decision would bring different process and consequences, depending on Alice’s value or feelings. Alice would morally judge her situation using those theories. Egoism and utilitarianism are consequential theories that refer to that the outcomes are the most importance. However, there is a big difference, egoism pursued my benefits and utilitarianism aims to the greatest mount of people’s benefit and their happiness. Kant’s ethics, virtue theory and ethic of care are non-consequential theories. Kant’s ethics focuses on the right action rather than its consequences. The action may be occurred by justice and rights by the theory. On virtue theory, the action is determined by one’s virtues. Ethic of care is concerned with the dependent sides, the social relationships. Through the study of the case †The Layoff†and those several theories, Alice would make a better choice, but the better choice may not be judged as a right or wrong answer. The six step process would be used to analyse her situation and the ethical dilemma.
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